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📚 Patient Education Library

Understand Your Endocrine Health

In-depth, physician-reviewed articles on thyroid disease, diabetes, hormonal conditions, and more — written by our board-certified endocrinologists to help you become an informed partner in your care.

64

Articles

4

Topic Areas

11

En Español

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Jump to: 🦋 Thyroid 🩸 Diabetes ⚡ Other Conditions

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🦋 Thyroid Conditions

Thyroid Disease & Disorders

15 articles

Thyroid Overview

What the thyroid gland does, how it's regulated, and a guide to common thyroid conditions.

Underactive thyroid — causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and levothyroxine treatment explained.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

The most common autoimmune thyroid disease — understanding the immune attack and what it means for your health.

Hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid — symptoms of an accelerated metabolism and three treatment options.

Graves' Disease

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism — the autoimmune mechanism, eye disease, and treatment options.

Thyroid Nodules

How nodules are evaluated, what the Bethesda biopsy system means, and when surgery is needed.

Types of thyroid cancer, why most have excellent outcomes, and what treatment and surveillance involve.

Thyroid in Pregnancy

Why thyroid changes during pregnancy, risks of untreated disease, and how to manage thyroid conditions safely.

T3 Thyroid Hormone

Free T3 testing, T4-to-T3 conversion, reverse T3, liothyronine (Cytomel), and why some patients feel better on combination therapy.

Thyroid Function Testing

TSH, free T4, T3, antibodies — what every test means and how to interpret your results.

What causes thyroid enlargement, when it becomes a problem, and treatment options.

A group of conditions causing thyroid inflammation — from subacute to postpartum to drug-induced.

What to expect from thyroid surgery — types, risks, recovery, and lifelong hormone replacement.

Radioactive Iodine

How RAI selectively targets thyroid tissue, its uses for hyperthyroidism and cancer, and safety precautions.

Answers to the most common patient questions about thyroid testing, medications, diet, and pregnancy.

🩸 Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus

18 articles

Diabetes Overview

Types of diabetes, how insulin works, symptoms, and the key diagnostic tests explained.

Type 1 Diabetes

The autoimmune form — insulin therapy, modern closed-loop systems, and the latest treatment advances.

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance, beta cell failure, and the modern treatment approach — including GLP-1s and SGLT-2 inhibitors.

96 million Americans have it — most don't know. Why it matters and how lifestyle changes reverse it.

Insulin Resistance

The root cause of Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome — how it develops and how to reverse it.

Diabetes Technology & CGM

Continuous glucose monitors, automated insulin delivery, and the metrics that matter most.

Insulin Pumps: Complete Overview

How insulin pumps work, who benefits, and an AID system comparison table for all major pumps.

Diabetes Technology

Omnipod 5: Tubeless Pump Guide

Everything about the Omnipod 5 — SmartAdjust technology, waterproof pods, smartphone control, and FAQs.

Diabetes Technology

Tandem t:slim X2 with Control-IQ

Touchscreen pump with automatic correction boluses, sleep mode, and internet-based software updates.

Diabetes Technology

Medtronic MiniMed 780G

SmartGuard HCL system with the tightest automated glucose target (100 mg/dL) of any FDA-approved AID.

Diabetes Technology

Twiist Insulin Pump (Sequel)

Next-generation AID system with modern app-first design and innovative twist-to-fill reservoir.

Diabetes Technology

Beta Bionics iLet Bionic Pancreas

No carb counting. No complex programming. Just your weight — and the algorithm learns the rest.

Diabetes Medications

A comprehensive guide to every major diabetes medication class — from metformin to Mounjaro.

Diabetes Complications

Eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart — how diabetes causes damage and how to prevent it.

Diabetes Diet & Nutrition

Evidence-based dietary approaches — Mediterranean, low-carb, DASH — and practical meal planning tips.

Blood Sugar Testing

Understanding glucose targets, what A1C really means, and how to treat hypoglycemia safely.

Diabetes Self-Management Education

Why structured diabetes education is as important as medication — and how to manage sick days.

Gestational Diabetes

Blood sugar management during pregnancy — screening, diagnosis, insulin use, and what it means after delivery.

⚡ Other Endocrine Conditions

Hormones, Metabolism & More

47 articles

⚖️ Weight & Metabolic Health

Other Conditions

Obesity & Metabolic Health

Why obesity is a complex biological disease — and the breakthroughs in medical treatment including GLP-1 agonists.

Other Conditions

GLP-1 Medications: All the Names Explained

Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, Zepbound — your complete guide to every GLP-1 medication.

Other Conditions

Ozempic vs. Wegovy: What's the Difference?

Same molecule, different doses. What you need to know about semaglutide.

Other Conditions

Muscle Loss & Exercise on GLP-1 Medications

Why strength training and protein are essential on Ozempic, Wegovy, or Zepbound.

Other Conditions

GLP-1 Medications, Fertility & Pregnancy

Restored fertility on GLP-1 therapy — and why these medications are not safe in pregnancy.

💊 GLP-1 Brand Guides

Diabetes Medications

Ozempic (Semaglutide)

How it works, dosing, A1c reduction, cardiovascular benefits, and FAQs from Houston endocrinologists.

Weight Management

Wegovy (Semaglutide 2.4 mg)

~15% average weight loss, SELECT cardiovascular trial, dose escalation, and insurance FAQs.

Diabetes Medications

Mounjaro (Tirzepatide)

Dual GIP+GLP-1 mechanism, up to 21% weight loss in diabetes trials, head-to-head vs. Ozempic.

Weight Management

Zepbound (Tirzepatide)

The most powerful FDA-approved weight loss medication — ~21% average weight loss in clinical trials.

Other Conditions

Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD/MASLD)

The most common liver disease you've never heard of — and its close link to insulin resistance.

Fatty Liver Testing

Preparing for Your FibroScan

Fasting rules, what to avoid, what to expect during the scan, and how to read your CAP and stiffness scores.

Other Conditions

Cholesterol & Lipid Disorders

LDL, HDL, triglycerides, familial hypercholesterolemia, and modern lipid-lowering therapy.

🦴 Bone & Calcium

Other Conditions

Osteoporosis & Bone Health

DEXA scanning, fracture risk, calcium, vitamin D, and effective osteoporosis treatments.

🦴 Osteoporosis Medication Guides

Osteoporosis Treatment

Prolia (Denosumab) — Never Miss a Dose

Critical safety guide: why missing a Prolia dose causes rebound fractures — and how to stop safely.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Evenity (Romosozumab)

The only medication that builds AND protects bone simultaneously. Monthly injection × 12 months.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Forteo (Teriparatide)

Anabolic bone-building therapy for severe osteoporosis. Daily injection for up to 2 years.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Tymlos (Abaloparatide)

Daily anabolic injection with 86% vertebral fracture reduction and lower hypercalcemia risk than Forteo.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Reclast (Zoledronic Acid)

The most potent bisphosphonate — once-yearly 15-minute IV infusion. 70% vertebral fracture reduction.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Fosamax / Alendronate

The world's most prescribed osteoporosis medication — weekly pill with 30 years of clinical evidence.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Actonel / Atelvia (Risedronate)

Atelvia can be taken after breakfast — no fasting required. Good for patients with GI sensitivity.

Osteoporosis Treatment

Raloxifene (Evista)

Daily SERM that reduces vertebral fractures AND lowers invasive breast cancer risk by 44%.

Other Conditions

Parathyroid Disorders

Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, and hypoparathyroidism — the glands behind calcium regulation.

Other Conditions

Vitamin D Deficiency

Why vitamin D matters beyond bones — symptoms, testing, and how much to supplement.

🔬 Hormonal & Reproductive

Other Conditions

PCOS

Most common hormonal disorder in reproductive-age women — causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

Other Conditions

Male Hypogonadism (Low Testosterone)

Low testosterone — proper diagnosis, testing, and evidence-based treatment options.

Other Conditions

Hirsutism (Excess Hair Growth)

Understanding the hormonal causes of unwanted hair growth in women and treatment options.

Other Conditions

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A genetic disorder affecting cortisol and androgen production — diagnosis and lifelong management.

⚡ Adrenal & Pituitary

Other Conditions

Adrenal Disorders

Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, aldosteronism, and pheochromocytoma.

Other Conditions

Pituitary Disorders

Prolactinoma, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and hypopituitarism explained.

Other Conditions

Endocrine Hypertension

When high blood pressure has a hormonal cause — aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, and Cushing's.

Adrenal Testing

1mg Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Step-by-step prep instructions, what to avoid, timing details, and FAQ for your overnight cortisol test.

Hormonal

PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome — the most common hormonal disorder in reproductive-age women.

📖 8 min→

Adrenal Disorders

Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, primary aldosteronism, and pheochromocytoma explained.

Pituitary Disorders

The "master gland" — prolactinoma, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and hypopituitarism.

The "silent disease" — DEXA scanning, fracture risk, and effective treatments including bone-building agents.

Male Hypogonadism

Low testosterone — proper diagnosis, treatment options, and the fertility implications of TRT.

Cholesterol & Lipid Disorders

LDL, HDL, triglycerides, familial hypercholesterolemia, and modern lipid-lowering therapy.

Obesity & Metabolic Health

Why obesity is a complex biological disease — and the breakthroughs in medical treatment including GLP-1 agonists.

Parathyroid Disorders

Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, and hypoparathyroidism — the glands behind calcium regulation.

Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD/MASH)

The most common liver disease — its metabolic roots, how it's assessed, and the first approved treatment.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

The inherited enzyme deficiency behind CAH — classic and non-classic forms and lifelong management.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Why vitamin D matters beyond bones — symptoms, testing, and how much to supplement.

GLP-1 Medications

GLP-1 Medications: All the Names Explained

Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, Zepbound — same or different? Your complete guide to every GLP-1 agent.

GLP-1 Medications

Ozempic vs. Wegovy: What's the Difference?

Same molecule, different doses and indications. What you need to know before starting semaglutide.

GLP-1 · Exercise

Muscle Loss & Exercise on GLP-1 Medications

Why strength training and protein intake are essential while taking Ozempic, Wegovy, or Zepbound.

GLP-1 · Fertility

GLP-1 Medications, Fertility & Pregnancy

Weight loss on GLP-1 therapy can restore fertility. What every woman of reproductive age needs to know.

Hirsutism (Excess Hair Growth)

Why excess hair grows in women, how androgens drive it, and the medical treatments that work.

Adrenal · Cardiovascular

Endocrine Causes of High Blood Pressure

When hypertension has a hormonal root cause — primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's, and more.

🇪🇸 En Español

Recursos en Español

11 artículos

Tiroides · En Español

La Tiroides — Guía Completa

Hipotiroidismo, hipertiroidismo, Hashimoto, nódulos tiroideos y pruebas de función tiroidea explicados en español.

Tiroides · En Español

Hipotiroidismo y Hashimoto

Síntomas, diagnóstico, tratamiento con levotiroxina y preguntas frecuentes sobre el hipotiroidismo.

Tiroides · En Español

Cómo Tomar su Medicamento de Tiroides

Instrucciones para tomar correctamente la levotiroxina — cuándo tomarla, qué evitar, y cómo ajustar la dosis.

Diabetes · En Español

Diabetes — Lo Básico

Tipos de diabetes, diagnóstico, niveles de azúcar y cómo manejar su diabetes con su médico.

Diabetes · En Español

Azúcar Baja (Hipoglucemia)

Cómo reconocer y tratar el azúcar baja — síntomas, causas, y cómo prevenir episodios de hipoglucemia.

Pérdida de Peso · En Español

Medicamentos GLP-1 (Ozempic, Mounjaro)

Guía completa en español sobre los medicamentos GLP-1 — cómo funcionan, efectos secundarios y dosis.

Hígado · En Español

Hígado Graso (MAFLD/MASLD)

Causas, relación con la diabetes, diagnóstico y tratamiento del hígado graso no alcohólico.

Hígado · En Español

Preparación para el FibroScan

Instrucciones en español para prepararse para el FibroScan — qué es el ayuno, qué evitar, y cómo interpretar los resultados.

Huesos · En Español

Osteoporosis en Español

Causas, diagnóstico con DEXA, medicamentos y cómo reducir el riesgo de fracturas.

PCOS · En Español

Síndrome de Ovario Poliquístico (SOP)

Síntomas, diagnóstico, tratamiento hormonal y manejo de la resistencia a la insulina en español.

Suprarrenal · En Español

Prueba de Supresión de Dexametasona

Instrucciones para la prueba de supresión de dexametasona 1mg — cómo prepararse y cómo interpretar los resultados.

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