Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy

Thyroid function changes significantly during pregnancy, and thyroid disease — whether pre-existing or newly developed — can have important consequences for both mother and baby. All pregnant women with known thyroid disorders or risk factors should be monitored closely by their healthcare team.

Normal Thyroid Changes in Pregnancy

Pregnancy triggers several physiological changes that affect thyroid function:

• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), produced by the placenta, stimulates the thyroid — causing a physiologic drop in TSH in the first trimester
• Thyroid-binding globulin increases, elevating total (but not free) T4
• The thyroid must increase hormone production by 25–50% to meet the needs of mother and fetus
• Iodine requirements increase substantially during pregnancy

These changes mean that normal TSH ranges during pregnancy differ from non-pregnant ranges, and trimester-specific reference ranges should be used for interpretation.

Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy

Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with serious risks:

• Miscarriage and preterm birth
• Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia
• Placental abruption
• Impaired fetal brain development and lower IQ
• Postpartum hemorrhage

Women on levothyroxine typically need a dose increase of 25–30% as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. It is prudent to have two extra doses available per week immediately upon confirmation of pregnancy, then contact your endocrinologist promptly. TSH should be monitored every 4–6 weeks during the first half of pregnancy.

Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy

Gestational hyperthyroidism (from hCG stimulation) is common and usually resolves by mid-pregnancy without treatment. Graves' disease during pregnancy requires careful management — antithyroid medications are used with specific caution (propylthiouracil preferred in first trimester; methimazole in second and third trimesters). Radioactive iodine is absolutely contraindicated during pregnancy.

Postpartum Thyroiditis

Postpartum thyroiditis affects about 5–9% of women in the year after delivery. It often follows a pattern of transient hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism, then usually recovery of normal function. Women with positive TPO antibodies are at highest risk. Some women develop permanent hypothyroidism, especially those with Hashimoto's. Annual TSH monitoring is recommended after postpartum thyroiditis.

Thyroid Nodules in Pregnancy

Thyroid nodules discovered during pregnancy should be evaluated with ultrasound. FNA biopsy is safe during pregnancy if needed. Surgery is typically deferred to the second trimester if necessary. Radioactive iodine scanning is contraindicated during pregnancy.